ISHQBAAZ 24TH NOVEMBER 2017

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HUMIDITY (3)

LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL - LCL
THE ALTITUDE TO WHICH AN AIR PARCEL WOULD NEED TO BE LIFTED FOR CONDENSATION TO OCCUR
VISIBLE EVIDENCE IS THE CLOUD BASE
OCCURS AT SATURATION/DEW POINT TEMPERATURE


DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE (DALR)

TEMPERATURE DECREASE EXPERIENCED BY A RISING UNSATURATED PARCEL – ABOUT 1 DEGREE CELSIUS PER 100 METERS OR 10 DEGREES/1000 METERS
SINKING PARCELS WARM AT THE SAME RATE


DALR PROBLEM

  THE SURFACE TEMP IS 20 DEGREES C & THE DEW POINT IS 5 DEGREES C, HOW MANY METERS MUST THE AIR RISE TO REACH THE LCL?
ANSWER: 15 DEGREES X 100 METERS = 1500 METERS OR 1.5 KILOMETERS


WET ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
RATE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE FOR A RISING SATURATED PARCEL OF AIR
ON THE AVERAGE IT IS ABOUT 5 DEGREES C/ 1000 METERS


WALR PROBLEM
AT THE SURFACE THE TEMP IS 25 DEGREES C AND THE DEW POINT IS AT 15 C, WHAT WILL THE TEMP BE AT 4000 METERS ABOVE THE SURFACE?
ANSWER: 0 CELSIUS – [25 – (DALR = 10 DEGREES/1000 METERS) = 15] 15 – (WALR = 5 DEGREES/1000 METERS) = 15 {15 – 15 = 0}


EFFECTS OF VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF AIR
WHEN AIR RISES IT EXPANDS AND COOLS.  AS IT COOLS, ITS RELATIVE HUMIDITY GOES UP
WHEN AIR SINKS IT IS COMPRESSED AND WARMED.  AS IT WARMS ITS RELATIVE HUMIDITY(RH) GOES DOWN
 RATE DEPENDS ON THE AIR’S RH

HUMIDITY (2)

RELATIVE HUMIDTY

% OF THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR (SATURATION) THAT AN AIR SAMPLE CAN HOLD (KEEP IN SUSPENSION) AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE
CAN CHANGE WHEN EITHER THE TEMPERATURE OR THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR CHANGES

WITH NO CHANGE IN WATER VAPOR CONTENT
AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY WILL GO DOWN

AS THE TEMPERATURE DECREASES THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY WILL GO UP


MAXIMUM WATER VAPOR PER TEMPERATURE


RELATIVE HUMIDITY CHANGES WHEN:

DAILY TEMPERATURES CHANGE

AIR MOVES FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER

AIR MOVES UP OR DOWN IN THE ATMOSPHERE



SATURATION
WHEN THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS 100% FOR A GIVEN TEMPERATURE
IF THE AIR IS LESS THAN 100% RELATIVE HUMIDITY IT IS UNSATURATED AIR
IF THE AIR IS ABOVE 100% RELATIVE HUMIDITY IT IS SUPERSATURATED


DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH SATURATION OCCURS FOR A SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR
AS THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR CHANGES SO DOES THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE


RELATIVE HUMIDITY MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
SLING PSYCHROMETER
HAIR HYGROMETER
HYGROGRAPH

HUMIDITY

WATER SOURCESOCEANS
ICE SHEETS & GLACIERS
GROUNDWATER
LAKES
ATMOSPHERE
STREAMS

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
ALSO KNOWN AS WATER CYCLE

WATER MOVING FROM EARTH TO ATMOSPHERE
EVAPORATION - WATER CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO VAPOR

TRANSPIRATION - WATER TAKEN UP THROUGH PLANT ROOTS

SUBLIMATION - WATER CHANGES FROM SOLID TO VAPOR

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - SUM TOTAL OF EVAPORATION & TRANSPIRATION TOGETHER

WATER MOVES FROM ATMOSPHERE TO EARTH
CONDENSATION - WATER CHANGES FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID

DEPOSITION - WATER CHANGES FROM VAPOR TO SOLID

PRECIPITATION


HUMIDITY
AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR IN THE AIR

DOG DAYS OF SUMMER - COMBINATION OF HEAT & HUMIDITY FROM MID-JULY THROUGH MID-AUGUST


SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
ALSO KNOWN AS THE MIXING RATIO

DESCRIBED AS THE MASS (WEIGHT) OF WATER VAPOR PER MASS OF DRY AIR
GRAMS (WATER) / KILOGRAM OF AIR G/KG

ACE AND ARBS (PART 2)

USES
Used in the management of mild to severe hypertension.
Decrease cardiac after load, increase COP and reduce the risk of death in HF patients.
Also used in hypertensive diabetic nephropathy .
Captopril- shorter half life and must be given 2 – 3 times a day .


INTERACTION
Anti hypertensive action is augmented by diuretics and several combinations are available.
It interact with potassium sparing diuretics and cause increase in potassium level and it should not be given in this situation .
Increase serum lithium level and provoke lithium toxicity .
NSAID – ( brufen ) impede the effects of ACE inhibitors.


ADVERSE EFFECT
Dry unproductive cough
Altered taste , hyperkalcemia and fetotoxic and rashes on the body.

ARBS
ARBs block AT1receptors in vascular smooth muscles and adrenal cortex, there by causing vaso dilation and decrease aldosterone secretion
 it does not increase bradykinin level .
Decrease nephro toxicity – attractive medicine in hypertensive diabetes .
Losartan used to decrease LVH.
Orally effective
Decrease incidence of dry cough , feto toxic , hperkalemia
neutropenia .

ACE AND ARBS

Angiotensin inhibitors are recommended when preferred first line agents(diuretics and beta blockers) are  contra indicated or ineffective.
 These are two types.
    a) ACE inhibitors
    b) ARBs

Renin is synthesized and stored as inactive form called pro renin in JG cells of kidneys.
Renin act as enzymes  on an other protein called globulin( angiotensinogen ) .
Angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2.


MECHANISM ACE
ACE inhibitors lowers BP by reducing PR resistance with out reflexly  increasing COP , heart rate or contractility.
These drugs block the ACE  that cleaves angiotensin 1 to form the potent vaso constrictor angiotensin 2 .
Converting enzyme is also responsible for the  break down of bradykinin levels.
Vaso dilation occurs as a result of decrease angiotensin 2 and increase bradykinin .
By reducing angiotensin 2 ,there is decreased secretion of aldosterone , resulting in decrease sodium and water retention.

Verapamil and Diltiazem

Slows cardiac AV conduction directly by decreasing HR, contractility , BP and oxygen demand.
-ve ionotropic effect.
Extensively metabolized by liver and excreted through urine and feces.
Used to treat typical or variant angina, SVT and migraine headache.
 Should not be given in heart failure cases because of direct cardiac depression.
Increased digoxin level and should be used with great care.
It causes constipation due to smooth muscles relaxation and decrease peristalsis.

DIHYDROPYRIDINES
Having greater affinity for vascular CCB and due to that they are used in HTN.
Little interaction with digoxin.
Useful in treating variant angina due to vaso- spasm.
Do not suppress cardiac function.
Nimodipine is the only drug to treat sub- arachnoid heamorrhage .
Metabolized through liver and excreted by urine and feces.
Do not effect digoxine serum level significantly.